在数学中,反三角函数(英语:inverse trigonometric function)是三角函数的反函数。
反三角函数示意图
由于技术原因,此旧版图表已停用,并须迁移至新版图表。造成您的不便,我们深表歉意。
几个反三角函数的图形,其中,反馀切以复变分析定义,因此在原点处出现不连续断点
目录
1 数学符号
2 主值
3 反三角函数之间的关系
4 三角函数与反三角函数的关系
5 一般解
6 反三角函数的导数
7 表达为定积分
8 无穷级数
9 反三角函数的不定积分
9.1 举例
10 加法公式和减法公式
10.1 arcsin x + arcsin y
10.2 arcsin x - arcsin y
10.3 arccos x + arccos y
10.4 arccos x - arccos y
10.5 arctan x + arctan y
10.6 arctan x - arctan y
10.7 arccot x + arccot y
10.8 arcsin x + arccos y
10.9 arctan x + arccot y
11 注释
12 参见
13 外部链接
数学符号
编辑
符号
sin
−
1
,
cos
−
1
{\displaystyle \sin ^{-1},\cos ^{-1}}
等常用于
arcsin
,
arccos
{\displaystyle \arcsin ,\arccos }
等。但是这种符号有时在
sin
−
1
x
{\displaystyle \sin ^{-1}x}
和
1
sin
x
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sin x}}}
之间易造成混淆。
在编程中,函数
arcsin
{\displaystyle \arcsin }
,
arccos
{\displaystyle \arccos }
,
arctan
{\displaystyle \arctan }
通常叫做
a
s
i
n
{\displaystyle \mathrm {asin} }
,
a
c
o
s
{\displaystyle \mathrm {acos} }
,
a
t
a
n
{\displaystyle \mathrm {atan} }
。很多编程语言提供两自变量atan2函数,它计算给定
y
{\displaystyle y}
和
x
{\displaystyle x}
的
y
x
{\displaystyle {\frac {y}{x}}}
的反正切,但是值域为
[
−
π
,
π
]
{\displaystyle [-\pi ,\pi ]}
。
在笛卡尔平面上
f
(
x
)
=
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\arcsin x}
(红)和
f
(
x
)
=
arccos
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\arccos x}
(绿)函数的常用主值的图像。
在笛卡尔平面上
f
(
x
)
=
arctan
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\arctan x}
(红)和
f
(
x
)
=
arccot
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {arccot} x}
(绿)函数的常用主值的图像。
在笛卡尔平面上
f
(
x
)
=
arccsc
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {arccsc} x}
(红)和
f
(
x
)
=
arcsec
x
{\displaystyle f(x)=\operatorname {arcsec} x}
(绿)函数的常用主值的图像。
主值
编辑
下表列出基本的反三角函数。
名称
常用符号
定义
定义域
值域
反正弦
y
=
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle y=\arcsin x}
x
=
sin
y
{\displaystyle x=\sin y}
[
−
1
,
1
]
{\displaystyle [-1,1]}
[
−
π
2
,
π
2
]
{\displaystyle [-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}
反余弦
y
=
arccos
x
{\displaystyle y=\arccos x}
x
=
cos
y
{\displaystyle x=\cos y}
[
−
1
,
1
]
{\displaystyle [-1,1]}
[
0
,
π
]
{\displaystyle [0,\pi ]}
反正切
y
=
arctan
x
{\displaystyle y=\arctan x}
x
=
tan
y
{\displaystyle x=\tan y}
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
(
−
π
2
,
π
2
)
{\displaystyle (-{\frac {\pi }{2}},{\frac {\pi }{2}})}
反余切
y
=
arccot
x
{\displaystyle y=\operatorname {arccot} x}
x
=
cot
y
{\displaystyle x=\cot y}
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
(
0
,
π
)
{\displaystyle (0,\pi )}
反正割
y
=
arcsec
x
{\displaystyle y=\operatorname {arcsec} x}
x
=
sec
y
{\displaystyle x=\sec y}
(
−
∞
,
−
1
]
∪
[
1
,
+
∞
)
{\displaystyle (-\infty ,-1]\cup [1,+\infty )}
[
0
,
π
2
)
∪
(
π
2
,
π
]
{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}})\cup ({\frac {\pi }{2}},\pi ]}
反余割
y
=
arccsc
x
{\displaystyle y=\operatorname {arccsc} x}
x
=
csc
y
{\displaystyle x=\csc y}
(
−
∞
,
−
1
]
∪
[
1
,
+
∞
)
{\displaystyle (-\infty ,-1]\cup [1,+\infty )}
[
−
π
2
,
0
)
∪
(
0
,
π
2
]
{\displaystyle [-{\frac {\pi }{2}},0)\cup (0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}
(注意:某些数学教科书的作者将
arcsec
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} }
的值域定为
[
0
,
π
2
)
∪
[
π
,
3
π
2
)
{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}})\cup [\pi ,{\frac {3\pi }{2}})}
因为当
tan
{\displaystyle \tan }
的定义域落在此区间时,
tan
{\displaystyle \tan }
的值域
≥
0
{\displaystyle \geq 0}
,如果
arcsec
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} }
的值域仍定为
[
0
,
π
2
)
∪
(
π
2
,
π
]
{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}})\cup ({\frac {\pi }{2}},\pi ]}
,将会造成
tan
(
arcsec
x
)
=
±
x
2
−
1
{\displaystyle \tan(\operatorname {arcsec} x)=\pm {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}
,如果希望
tan
(
arcsec
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
{\displaystyle \tan(\operatorname {arcsec} x)={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}
,那就必须将
arcsec
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} }
的值域定为
[
0
,
π
2
)
∪
[
π
,
3
π
2
)
{\displaystyle [0,{\frac {\pi }{2}})\cup [\pi ,{\frac {3\pi }{2}})}
,基于类似的理由
arccsc
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} }
的值域定为
(
−
π
,
−
π
2
]
∪
(
0
,
π
2
]
{\displaystyle (-\pi ,-{\frac {\pi }{2}}]\cup (0,{\frac {\pi }{2}}]}
)
如果
x
{\displaystyle x}
允许是复数,则
y
{\displaystyle y}
的值域只适用它的实部。
反三角函数之间的关系
编辑
余角:
arccos
x
=
π
2
−
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle \arccos x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arcsin x}
arccot
x
=
π
2
−
arctan
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x}
arccsc
x
=
π
2
−
arcsec
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arcsec} x}
负数参数:
arcsin
(
−
x
)
=
−
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle \arcsin(-x)=-\arcsin x\!}
arccos
(
−
x
)
=
π
−
arccos
x
{\displaystyle \arccos(-x)=\pi -\arccos x\!}
arctan
(
−
x
)
=
−
arctan
x
{\displaystyle \arctan(-x)=-\arctan x\!}
arccot
(
−
x
)
=
π
−
arccot
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot}(-x)=\pi -\operatorname {arccot} x\!}
arcsec
(
−
x
)
=
π
−
arcsec
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec}(-x)=\pi -\operatorname {arcsec} x\!}
arccsc
(
−
x
)
=
−
arccsc
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc}(-x)=-\operatorname {arccsc} x\!}
倒数参数:
arccos
1
x
=
arcsec
x
{\displaystyle \arccos {\frac {1}{x}}\,=\operatorname {arcsec} x}
arcsin
1
x
=
arccsc
x
{\displaystyle \arcsin {\frac {1}{x}}\,=\operatorname {arccsc} x}
arctan
1
x
=
π
2
−
arctan
x
=
arccot
x
,
{\displaystyle \arctan {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x=\operatorname {arccot} x,\ }
x
>
0
{\displaystyle \ x>0}
arctan
1
x
=
−
π
2
−
arctan
x
=
−
π
+
arccot
x
,
{\displaystyle \arctan {\frac {1}{x}}=-{\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan x=-\pi +\operatorname {arccot} x,\ }
x
<
0
{\displaystyle \ x<0}
arccot
1
x
=
π
2
−
arccot
x
=
arctan
x
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arccot} x=\arctan x,\ }
x
>
0
{\displaystyle \ x>0}
arccot
1
x
=
3
π
2
−
arccot
x
=
π
+
arctan
x
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} {\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {3\pi }{2}}-\operatorname {arccot} x=\pi +\arctan x,\ }
x
<
0
{\displaystyle \ x<0}
arcsec
1
x
=
arccos
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arccos x}
arccsc
1
x
=
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arcsin x}
如果有一段正弦表:
arccos
x
=
arcsin
1
−
x
2
,
{\displaystyle \arccos x=\arcsin {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}},}
0
≤
x
≤
1
{\displaystyle \ 0\leq x\leq 1}
arctan
x
=
arcsin
x
x
2
+
1
{\displaystyle \arctan x=\arcsin {\frac {x}{\sqrt {x^{2}+1}}}}
注意只要在使用了复数的平方根的时候,我们选择正实部的平方根(或者正虚部,如果是负实数的平方根的话)。
从半角公式
tan
θ
2
=
sin
θ
1
+
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}={\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\cos \theta }}}
,可得到:
arcsin
x
=
2
arctan
x
1
+
1
−
x
2
{\displaystyle \arcsin x=2\arctan {\frac {x}{1+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}}}
arccos
x
=
2
arctan
1
−
x
2
1
+
x
,
{\displaystyle \arccos x=2\arctan {\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{1+x}},}
−
1
<
x
≤
+
1
{\displaystyle -1 arctan x = 2 arctan x 1 + 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle \arctan x=2\arctan {\frac {x}{1+{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}}} 三角函数与反三角函数的关系 编辑 通过定义可知: θ {\displaystyle \theta } sin θ {\displaystyle \sin \theta } cos θ {\displaystyle \cos \theta } tan θ {\displaystyle \tan \theta } 图示 arcsin x {\displaystyle \arcsin x} sin ( arcsin x ) = x {\displaystyle \sin(\arcsin x)=x} cos ( arcsin x ) = 1 − x 2 {\displaystyle \cos(\arcsin x)={\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}} tan ( arcsin x ) = x 1 − x 2 {\displaystyle \tan(\arcsin x)={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}} arccos x {\displaystyle \arccos x} sin ( arccos x ) = 1 − x 2 {\displaystyle \sin(\arccos x)={\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}} cos ( arccos x ) = x {\displaystyle \cos(\arccos x)=x} tan ( arccos x ) = 1 − x 2 x {\displaystyle \tan(\arccos x)={\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{x}}} arctan x {\displaystyle \arctan x} sin ( arctan x ) = x 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle \sin(\arctan x)={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}} cos ( arctan x ) = 1 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle \cos(\arctan x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}} tan ( arctan x ) = x {\displaystyle \tan(\arctan x)=x} arccot x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x} sin ( arccot x ) = 1 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle \sin(\operatorname {arccot} x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}} cos ( arccot x ) = x 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle \cos(\operatorname {arccot} x)={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}} tan ( arccot x ) = 1 x {\displaystyle \tan(\operatorname {arccot} x)={\frac {1}{x}}} arcsec x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} x} sin ( arcsec x ) = x 2 − 1 x {\displaystyle \sin(\operatorname {arcsec} x)={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}} cos ( arcsec x ) = 1 x {\displaystyle \cos(\operatorname {arcsec} x)={\frac {1}{x}}} tan ( arcsec x ) = x 2 − 1 {\displaystyle \tan(\operatorname {arcsec} x)={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}} arccsc x {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} x} sin ( arccsc x ) = 1 x {\displaystyle \sin(\operatorname {arccsc} x)={\frac {1}{x}}} cos ( arccsc x ) = x 2 − 1 x {\displaystyle \cos(\operatorname {arccsc} x)={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}} tan ( arccsc x ) = 1 x 2 − 1 {\displaystyle \tan(\operatorname {arccsc} x)={\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}} 一般解 编辑 每个三角函数都周期于它的参数的实部上,在每个 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi } 区间内通过它的所有值两次。正弦和余割的周期开始于 2 π k − π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k-{\frac {\pi }{2}}} 结束于 2 π k + π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k+{\frac {\pi }{2}}} (这里的 k {\displaystyle k} 是一个整数),在 2 π k + π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k+{\frac {\pi }{2}}} 到 2 π k + 3 π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k+{\frac {3\pi }{2}}} 上倒过来。余弦和正割的周期开始于 2 π k {\displaystyle 2\pi k} 结束于 2 π k + π {\displaystyle 2\pi k+\pi } ,在 2 π k + π {\displaystyle 2\pi k+\pi } 到 2 π k + 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi k+2\pi } 上倒过来。正切的周期开始于 2 π k − π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k-{\frac {\pi }{2}}} 结束于 2 π k + π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k+{\frac {\pi }{2}}} ,接着(向前)在 2 π k + π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k+{\frac {\pi }{2}}} 到 2 π k + 3 π 2 {\displaystyle 2\pi k+{\frac {3\pi }{2}}} 上重复。余切的周期开始于 2 π k {\displaystyle 2\pi k} 结束于 2 π k + π {\displaystyle 2\pi k+\pi } ,接着(向前)在 2 π k + π {\displaystyle 2\pi k+\pi } 到 2 π k + 2 π {\displaystyle 2\pi k+2\pi } 上重复。 这个周期性反应在一般反函数上: sin y = x ⇔ ( y = arcsin x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ∨ y = π − arcsin x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ) {\displaystyle \sin y=x\ \Leftrightarrow \ (\ y=\arcsin x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ \lor \ y=\pi -\arcsin x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ )} cos y = x ⇔ ( y = arccos x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ∨ y = 2 π − arccos x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ) {\displaystyle \cos y=x\ \Leftrightarrow \ (\ y=\arccos x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ \lor \ y=2\pi -\arccos x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ )} tan y = x ⇔ y = arctan x + k π ∀ k ∈ Z {\displaystyle \tan y=x\ \Leftrightarrow \ \ y=\arctan x+k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} } cot y = x ⇔ y = arccot x + k π ∀ k ∈ Z {\displaystyle \cot y=x\ \Leftrightarrow \ \ y=\operatorname {arccot} x+k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} } sec y = x ⇔ ( y = arcsec x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ∨ y = 2 π − arcsec x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ) {\displaystyle \sec y=x\ \Leftrightarrow \ (\ y=\operatorname {arcsec} x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ \lor \ y=2\pi -\operatorname {arcsec} x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ )} csc y = x ⇔ ( y = arccsc x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ∨ y = π − arccsc x + 2 k π ∀ k ∈ Z ) {\displaystyle \csc y=x\ \Leftrightarrow \ (\ y=\operatorname {arccsc} x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ \lor \ y=\pi -\operatorname {arccsc} x+2k\pi {\text{ }}\forall {\text{ }}k\in \mathbb {Z} \ )} 反三角函数的导数 编辑 对于实数 x {\displaystyle x} 的反三角函数的导函数如下: d d x arcsin x = 1 1 − x 2 ; | x | < 1 d d x arccos x = − 1 1 − x 2 ; | x | < 1 d d x arctan x = 1 1 + x 2 d d x arccot x = − 1 1 + x 2 d d x arcsec x = 1 | x | x 2 − 1 ; | x | > 1 d d x arccsc x = − 1 | x | x 2 − 1 ; | x | > 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\arcsin x&{}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}};\qquad |x|<1\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\arccos x&{}={\frac {-1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}};\qquad |x|<1\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\arctan x&{}={\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\operatorname {arccot} x&{}={\frac {-1}{1+x^{2}}}\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\operatorname {arcsec} x&{}={\frac {1}{|x|\,{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}};\qquad |x|>1\\{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}\operatorname {arccsc} x&{}={\frac {-1}{|x|\,{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}};\qquad |x|>1\\\end{aligned}}} 举例说明,设 θ = arcsin x {\displaystyle \theta =\arcsin x\!} ,得到: d arcsin x d x = d θ d sin θ = 1 cos θ = 1 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 1 − x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\arcsin x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\sin \theta }}={\frac {1}{\cos \theta }}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}} 因为要使根号内部恒为正,所以在条件加上 | x | < 1 {\displaystyle |x|<1} ,其他导数公式同理可证[1]。 表达为定积分 编辑 积分其导数并固定在一点上的值给出反三角函数作为定积分的表达式: arcsin x = ∫ 0 x 1 1 − z 2 d z , | x | ≤ 1 arccos x = ∫ x 1 1 1 − z 2 d z , | x | ≤ 1 arctan x = ∫ 0 x 1 z 2 + 1 d z , arccot x = ∫ x ∞ 1 z 2 + 1 d z , arcsec x = ∫ 1 x 1 z z 2 − 1 d z , x ≥ 1 arccsc x = ∫ x ∞ 1 z z 2 − 1 d z , x ≥ 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arcsin x&{}=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-z^{2}}}}\,dz,\qquad |x|\leq 1\\\arccos x&{}=\int _{x}^{1}{\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-z^{2}}}}\,dz,\qquad |x|\leq 1\\\arctan x&{}=\int _{0}^{x}{\frac {1}{z^{2}+1}}\,dz,\\\operatorname {arccot} x&{}=\int _{x}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{z^{2}+1}}\,dz,\\\operatorname {arcsec} x&{}=\int _{1}^{x}{\frac {1}{z{\sqrt {z^{2}-1}}}}\,dz,\qquad x\geq 1\\\operatorname {arccsc} x&{}=\int _{x}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{z{\sqrt {z^{2}-1}}}}\,dz,\qquad x\geq 1\end{aligned}}} 当 x {\displaystyle x} 等于1时,在有极限的域上的积分是瑕积分,但仍是良好定义的。 无穷级数 编辑 如同正弦和余弦函数,反三角函数可以使用无穷级数计算如下: arcsin z = z + ( 1 2 ) z 3 3 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) z 5 5 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) z 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ [ ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ] z 2 n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ; | z | ≤ 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arcsin z&{}=z+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&{}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left[{\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right]{\frac {z^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\end{aligned}}} arccos z = π 2 − arcsin z = π 2 − [ z + ( 1 2 ) z 3 3 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) z 5 5 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) z 7 7 + ⋯ ] = π 2 − ∑ n = 0 ∞ [ ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ] z 2 n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ; | z | ≤ 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arccos z&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arcsin z\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\left[z+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \right]\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left[{\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right]{\frac {z^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\end{aligned}}} arctan z = z − z 3 3 + z 5 5 − z 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n z 2 n + 1 2 n + 1 ; | z | ≤ 1 z ≠ i , − i {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arctan z&{}=z-{\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {z^{5}}{5}}-{\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&{}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}z^{2n+1}}{2n+1}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\qquad z\neq i,-i\end{aligned}}} arccot z = π 2 − arctan z = π 2 − ( z − z 3 3 + z 5 5 − z 7 7 + ⋯ ) = π 2 − ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n z 2 n + 1 2 n + 1 ; | z | ≤ 1 z ≠ i , − i {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arccot} z&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\arctan z\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\left(z-{\frac {z^{3}}{3}}+{\frac {z^{5}}{5}}-{\frac {z^{7}}{7}}+\cdots \right)\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}z^{2n+1}}{2n+1}};\qquad |z|\leq 1\qquad z\neq i,-i\end{aligned}}} arcsec z = arccos ( z − 1 ) = π 2 − [ z − 1 + ( 1 2 ) z − 3 3 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) z − 5 5 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) z − 7 7 + ⋯ ] = π 2 − ∑ n = 0 ∞ [ ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ] z − ( 2 n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) ; | z | ≥ − 4 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arcsec} z&{}=\arccos \left(z^{-1}\right)\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\left[z^{-1}+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{-3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{-5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots \right]\\&{}={\frac {\pi }{2}}-\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left[{\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right]{\frac {z^{-(2n+1)}}{(2n+1)}};\qquad \left|z\right|\geq -4\end{aligned}}} arccsc z = arcsin ( z − 1 ) = z − 1 + ( 1 2 ) z − 3 3 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 4 ) z − 5 5 + ( 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ) z − 7 7 + ⋯ = ∑ n = 0 ∞ [ ( 2 n ) ! 2 2 n ( n ! ) 2 ] z − ( 2 n + 1 ) 2 n + 1 ; | z | ≥ 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {arccsc} z&{}=\arcsin \left(z^{-1}\right)\\&{}=z^{-1}+\left({\frac {1}{2}}\right){\frac {z^{-3}}{3}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3}{2\cdot 4}}\right){\frac {z^{-5}}{5}}+\left({\frac {1\cdot 3\cdot 5}{2\cdot 4\cdot 6}}\right){\frac {z^{-7}}{7}}+\cdots \\&{}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\left[{\frac {(2n)!}{2^{2n}(n!)^{2}}}\right]{\frac {z^{-(2n+1)}}{2n+1}};\qquad \left|z\right|\geq 1\end{aligned}}} 欧拉发现了反正切的更有效的级数: arctan x = ∞ x 1 + x 2 ∑ n = 0 ∞ ∏ k = 1 n 2 k x 2 ( 2 k + 1 ) ( 1 + x 2 ) {\displaystyle \arctan x=\infty {x}{1+x^{2}}\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }\prod _{k=1}^{n}{\frac {2kx^{2}}{(2k+1)(1+x^{2})}}} 。 (注意对 x = 0 {\displaystyle x=0} 在和中的项是空积1。) 反三角函数的不定积分 编辑 ∫ arcsin x d x = x arcsin x + 1 − x 2 + C , x ≤ 1 ∫ arccos x d x = x arccos x − 1 − x 2 + C , x ≤ 1 ∫ arctan x d x = x arctan x − 1 2 ln ( 1 + x 2 ) + C ∫ arccot x d x = x arccot x + 1 2 ln ( 1 + x 2 ) + C ∫ arcsec x d x = x arcsec x − sgn ( x ) ln | x + x 2 − 1 | + C = x arcsec x + sgn ( x ) ln | x − x 2 − 1 | + C ∫ arccsc x d x = x arccsc x + sgn ( x ) ln | x + x 2 − 1 | + C = x arccsc x − sgn ( x ) ln | x − x 2 − 1 | + C {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\int \arcsin x\,dx&{}=x\,\arcsin x+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C,\qquad x\leq 1\\\int \arccos x\,dx&{}=x\,\arccos x-{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C,\qquad x\leq 1\\\int \arctan x\,dx&{}=x\,\arctan x-{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left(1+x^{2}\right)+C\\\int \operatorname {arccot} x\,dx&{}=x\,\operatorname {arccot} x+{\frac {1}{2}}\ln \left(1+x^{2}\right)+C\\\int \operatorname {arcsec} x\,dx&{}=x\,\operatorname {arcsec} x-\operatorname {sgn}(x)\ln \left|x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right|+C=x\,\operatorname {arcsec} x+\operatorname {sgn}(x)\ln \left|x-{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right|+C\\\int \operatorname {arccsc} x\,dx&{}=x\,\operatorname {arccsc} x+\operatorname {sgn}(x)\ln \left|x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right|+C=x\,\operatorname {arccsc} x-\operatorname {sgn}(x)\ln \left|x-{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right|+C\\\end{aligned}}} 使用分部积分法和上面的简单导数很容易得出它们。 举例 编辑 使用 ∫ u d v = u v − ∫ v d u {\displaystyle \int u\,\mathrm {d} v=uv-\int v\,\mathrm {d} u} ,设 u = arcsin x d v = d x d u = d x 1 − x 2 v = x {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}u&{}=&\arcsin x&\quad \quad \mathrm {d} v=\mathrm {d} x\\\mathrm {d} u&{}=&{\frac {\mathrm {d} x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}&\quad \quad {}v=x\end{aligned}}} 则 ∫ arcsin ( x ) d x = x arcsin x − ∫ x 1 − x 2 d x {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(x)\,\mathrm {d} x=x\arcsin x-\int {\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\,\mathrm {d} x} 换元 k = 1 − x 2 . {\displaystyle k=1-x^{2}.\,} 则 d k = − 2 x d x {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} k=-2x\,\mathrm {d} x} 且 ∫ x 1 − x 2 d x = − 1 2 ∫ d k k = − k {\displaystyle \int {\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\,\mathrm {d} x=-{\frac {1}{2}}\int {\frac {\mathrm {d} k}{\sqrt {k}}}=-{\sqrt {k}}} 换元回x得到 ∫ arcsin ( x ) d x = x arcsin x + 1 − x 2 + C {\displaystyle \int \arcsin(x)\,\mathrm {d} x=x\arcsin x+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}+C} 加法公式和减法公式 编辑 arcsin x + arcsin y 编辑 arcsin x + arcsin y = arcsin ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) , x y ≤ 0 ∨ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x+\arcsin y=\arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}+y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right),xy\leq 0\lor x^{2}+y^{2}\leq 1} arcsin x + arcsin y = π − arcsin ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) , x > 0 , y > 0 , x 2 + y 2 > 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x+\arcsin y=\pi -\arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}+y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right),x>0,y>0,x^{2}+y^{2}>1} arcsin x + arcsin y = − π − arcsin ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) , x < 0 , y < 0 , x 2 + y 2 > 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x+\arcsin y=-\pi -\arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}+y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right),x<0,y<0,x^{2}+y^{2}>1} arcsin x - arcsin y 编辑 arcsin x − arcsin y = arcsin ( x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 ) , x y ≥ 0 ∨ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x-\arcsin y=\arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}-y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right),xy\geq 0\lor x^{2}+y^{2}\leq 1} arcsin x − arcsin y = π − arcsin ( x 1 − y 2 − y 1 − x 2 ) , x > 0 , y < 0 , x 2 + y 2 > 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x-\arcsin y=\pi -\arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}-y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right),x>0,y<0,x^{2}+y^{2}>1} arcsin x − arcsin y = − π − arcsin ( x 1 − y 2 + y 1 − x 2 ) , x < 0 , y > 0 , x 2 + y 2 > 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x-\arcsin y=-\pi -\arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}+y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right),x<0,y>0,x^{2}+y^{2}>1} arccos x + arccos y 编辑 arccos x + arccos y = arccos ( x y − 1 − x 2 ⋅ 1 − y 2 ) , x + y ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \arccos x+\arccos y=\arccos \left(xy-{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}\right),x+y\geq 0} arccos x + arccos y = 2 π − arccos ( x y − 1 − x 2 ⋅ 1 − y 2 ) , x + y < 0 {\displaystyle \arccos x+\arccos y=2\pi -\arccos \left(xy-{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}\right),x+y<0} arccos x - arccos y 编辑 arccos x − arccos y = − arccos ( x y + 1 − x 2 ⋅ 1 − y 2 ) , x ≥ y {\displaystyle \arccos x-\arccos y=-\arccos \left(xy+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}\right),x\geq y} arccos x − arccos y = arccos ( x y + 1 − x 2 ⋅ 1 − y 2 ) , x < y {\displaystyle \arccos x-\arccos y=\arccos \left(xy+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\cdot {\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}\right),x arctan x + arctan y 编辑 arctan x + arctan y = arctan x + y 1 − x y , x y < 1 {\displaystyle \arctan \,x+\arctan \,y=\arctan \,{\frac {x+y}{1-xy}},xy<1} arctan x + arctan y = π + arctan x + y 1 − x y , x > 0 , x y > 1 {\displaystyle \arctan \,x+\arctan \,y=\pi +\arctan \,{\frac {x+y}{1-xy}},x>0,xy>1} arctan x + arctan y = − π + arctan x + y 1 − x y , x < 0 , x y > 1 {\displaystyle \arctan \,x+\arctan \,y=-\pi +\arctan \,{\frac {x+y}{1-xy}},x<0,xy>1} arctan x - arctan y 编辑 arctan x − arctan y = arctan x − y 1 + x y , x y > − 1 {\displaystyle \arctan x-\arctan y=\arctan {\frac {x-y}{1+xy}},xy>-1} arctan x − arctan y = π + arctan x − y 1 + x y , x > 0 , x y < − 1 {\displaystyle \arctan x-\arctan y=\pi +\arctan {\frac {x-y}{1+xy}},x>0,xy<-1} arctan x − arctan y = − π + arctan x − y 1 + x y , x < 0 , x y < − 1 {\displaystyle \arctan x-\arctan y=-\pi +\arctan {\frac {x-y}{1+xy}},x<0,xy<-1} arccot x + arccot y 编辑 arccot x + arccot y = arccot x y − 1 x + y , x > − y {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x+\operatorname {arccot} y=\operatorname {arccot} {\frac {xy-1}{x+y}},x>-y} arccot x + arccot y = arccot x y − 1 x + y + π , x < − y {\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x+\operatorname {arccot} y=\operatorname {arccot} {\frac {xy-1}{x+y}}+\pi ,x<-y} arcsin x + arccos y 编辑 arcsin x + arccos x = π 2 , | x | ≤ 1 {\displaystyle \arcsin x+\arccos x={\frac {\pi }{2}},|x|\leq 1} arctan x + arccot y 编辑 arctan x + arccot x = π 2 {\displaystyle \arctan x+\operatorname {arccot} x={\frac {\pi }{2}}} 注释 编辑 ^ 设 θ = arccos x {\displaystyle \theta =\arccos x} ,得到: d arccos x d x = d θ d cos θ = − 1 sin θ = 1 1 − cos 2 θ = − 1 1 − x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\arccos x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\cos \theta }}={\frac {-1}{\sin \theta }}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}={\frac {-1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}} 因为要使根号内部恒为正,所以在条件加上 | x | < 1 {\displaystyle |x|<1} 。 设 θ = arctan x {\displaystyle \theta =\arctan x} ,得到: d arctan x d x = d θ d tan θ = 1 sec 2 θ = 1 1 + tan 2 θ = 1 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\arctan x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\tan \theta }}={\frac {1}{\sec ^{2}\theta }}={\frac {1}{1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}={\frac {1}{1+x^{2}}}} 设 θ = arccot x {\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname {arccot} x} ,得到: d arccot x d x = d θ d cot θ = − 1 csc 2 θ = 1 1 + cot 2 θ = − 1 1 + x 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\operatorname {arccot} x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\cot \theta }}={\frac {-1}{\csc ^{2}\theta }}={\frac {1}{1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}={\frac {-1}{1+x^{2}}}} 设 θ = arcsec x {\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname {arcsec} x} ,得到: d arcsec x d x = d θ d sec θ = 1 sec θ tan θ = 1 | x | x 2 − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\operatorname {arcsec} x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\sec \theta }}={\frac {1}{\sec \theta \tan \theta }}={\frac {1}{\left|x\right|{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}}} 因为要使根号内部恒为正,所以在条件加上 | x | > 1 {\displaystyle |x|>1} ,比较容易被忽略是 sec θ {\displaystyle \sec \theta } 产生的绝对值 sec − 1 θ {\displaystyle \sec ^{-1}\theta } 的定义域是 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ π 2 {\displaystyle 0\leq \theta \leq \pi ,\theta \neq {\frac {\pi }{2}}} ,所以 tan θ = ± x 2 − 1 {\displaystyle \tan \theta =\pm {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}} ,所以 x {\displaystyle x} 要加绝对值。 设 θ = arccsc x {\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname {arccsc} x} ,得到: d arccsc x d x = d θ d csc θ = − 1 csc θ cot θ = − 1 | x | x 2 − 1 {\displaystyle {\frac {d\operatorname {arccsc} x}{dx}}={\frac {d\theta }{d\csc \theta }}={\frac {-1}{\csc \theta \cot \theta }}={\frac {-1}{\left|x\right|{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}}} 因为要使根号内部恒为正,所以在条件加上 | x | > 1 {\displaystyle |x|>1} ,比较容易被忽略是 csc θ {\displaystyle \csc \theta } 产生的绝对值 csc − 1 θ {\displaystyle \csc ^{-1}\theta } 的定义域是 − π 2 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 , θ ≠ 0 {\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}\leq \theta \leq {\frac {\pi }{2}},\theta \neq 0} 。 参见 编辑 数学主题 正切半角公式 平方根 外部链接 编辑 埃里克·韦斯坦因. Inverse Trigonometric Functions. MathWorld. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/InverseTangent.html(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)